used as trademarks for businesses/artists/businessmen Translucent emblem produced by pressure from a raised design on the mold and visible when the sheet of paper is held to light (A pale or semitransparent graphics object positioned behind text in a document.) Mermaids, animals, flowers, shields common motifs Need to hold it up to light to see an image (trademark for company that produced the paper). Made by bending a piece of wire and attaching it to the mold that was used to make the paper. Trademarks for paper mills, individual craftsmen, and perhaps religious symbolism were early uses. The origin of this design device is unknown. 5-1), a translucent emblem produced by pressure from a raised design on the mold and visible when the sheet of paper is held to the light, was used in Italy by 1282. _- (5.1) a translucent emblem produced by pressure from a raised design on the mold and visible when the sheet of paper is held to the light, was used in Italy by 1282.įrench watermark designs, fifteenth century. Over six hundred years passed before papermaking, which spread westward along caravan routes from the Pacific Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, reached the Arab world. Papermaking had completed its long, slow journey from China to Europe, so a plentiful substrate was available. Without paper, the speed and efficiency of printing would have been useless. Even this exploding production of manuscript books was unable to meet the demand. The steady growth of demand had led independent merchants to develop an assembly-line division of labor, with specialists trained in lettering, decorative initialing, gold ornamentation, proofreading, and binding. The value of a book was equal to the value of a farm or a vineyard. In 1424, only 122 manuscript books resided in the university library at Cambridge, England, and the library of a wealthy nobleman whose books were his most prized and sought-after possessions probably numbered fewer than two dozen volumes. A simple two-hundred page book required four or five months' labor by a scribe, and the twenty-five sheepskins needed for the parchment were even more expensive than his labor. However, the slow and expensive process of bookmaking had changed little in one thousand years. The emerging literate middle class and students in the rapidly expanding universities had ended the clergy's monopoly on literacy, creating a vast new market for reading material. The demand for books had become insatiable. Several factors created a climate in Europe that made typography feasible. Knowledge spread rapidly, and literacy increased as a result of this remarkable invention. Writing gave humanity a means of storing, retrieving, and documenting knowledge and information that transcended time and place typographic printing allowed the economical and multiple production of alphabet communication.
The invention of typography ranks near the creation of writing as one of the most important advances in civilization. _- is the term for printing with independent, movable, and reusable bits of metal or wood, each of which has a raised letter form on one face.įirst movable type was invented in China (Sung dynasty), used lazy susan and characters were made from wood and first metal type system was made in Korea.ġst printings in Europe were textile designs and playing cards.